Foundational knowledge refers to the core building blocks—communication and language, reading, writing, and mathematics—that children must master automatically to access the wider curriculum and succeed in later education.

Key Components of Foundational Knowledge

• Communication & Language: This is the bedrock of all learning, focusing on high-quality adult-child interactions to develop vocabulary, grammar, and oral composition.
• Reading Fluency: Moving beyond basic phonics to achieve accuracy and automaticity so that cognitive space is freed up for comprehension.
• Writing Basics: Mastering handwriting (pencil grip/letter formation) and spelling so children can transcribe ideas without struggling over the mechanics. Transcription skills are prioritised.
• Mathematical Fluency: A good understanding of number and a secure recall of number facts (e.g., number bonds to 10) and basic calculation skills.
• Personal Development: Includes physical, social, and emotional skills, alongside executive function (focusing attention and holding information in mind). This also includes resilience, independence and being ready to learn.